{"id":9447,"date":"2023-09-05T12:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-09-05T16:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wrmcouncil.org\/?p=9447"},"modified":"2023-11-14T13:59:50","modified_gmt":"2023-11-14T18:59:50","slug":"how-canada-could-use-russian-state-assets-to-rebuild-ukraine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wrmcouncil.org\/es\/news\/opinion\/how-canada-could-use-russian-state-assets-to-rebuild-ukraine\/","title":{"rendered":"How Canada Could Use Russian State Assets to Rebuild Ukraine"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"\/
A Russian-registered Antonov AN-124 owned by Volga-Dneper sits on the tarmac at Pearson Airport in Toronto in March 2022. It was recently seized by Canada. THE CANADIAN PRESS\/Frank Gunn<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Robert J. Currie<\/a>, Dalhousie University<\/a><\/em> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

There\u2019s recently been a lot of news coverage about various efforts by states allied with Ukraine to seize Russian assets<\/a> that are on their territories, and use these assets \u2014 or the money made from selling them \u2014 to help Ukrainian war relief.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Canada was the first state to put such measures into place with amendments to the Special Economic Measures Act (SEMA)<\/a> that allow for seizure and forfeiture of Russian-owned property by way of court proceedings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has already seized a company belonging to Russian oligarch Roman Abramovich<\/a>, and, more recently, a privately owned Russian cargo plane<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What about state-owned assets?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

More contentious has been the issue of whether this applies to property owned by the Russian state. Under the international law of state immunity<\/a>, states are generally immune from court proceedings in other countries. Their property is protected from seizure or execution, especially assets owned or held by central banks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Canada, these rules are applied via the State Immunity Act<\/a> (SIA), which explicitly exempts states and their property from the court-based forfeiture process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This is no small obstacle to Canada\u2019s goal of using Russia\u2019s assets to remedy its ongoing destruction of Ukraine. While the oligarchs\u2019 money may be susceptible to seizure, it amounts to tens or perhaps hundreds of millions \u2014 a good start, but nowhere near the US$400 billion estimate<\/a> for beginning the restoration of Ukraine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

State assets are where the money is, but outright seizure risks undermining the rules-based international legal order that Canada and its allies seek to promote.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A
A boat captain in Fiji looks at the Russian superyacht Amadea, owned by an oligarch, where it is docked in Lautoka in April 2022. Five U.S. federal agents later seized the US$300 million yacht, but Russian state assets, however, are where the real money is. (Leon Lord\/Fiji Sun via AP)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Multilateral Asset Transfer\u2019<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Is there a case that seizing and repurposing Russian state assets can be done lawfully and can Canada, specifically, legally do so? The answer, in my view, is yes, but it requires satisfying two sets of standards: international law and Canadian law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On the international law side, several colleagues and I recently wrote<\/a> that repurposing Russia\u2019s state assets would be lawful under a system of what we call \u201cMultilateral Asset Transfer,\u201d using the doctrine of \u201ccountermeasures.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The argument goes like this. Russia is currently in violation of one of the most sacred rules of international law: that the use of armed force by one state against another is prohibited. The obligation not to breach this rule has the status of erga omnes<\/em><\/a>, meaning it\u2019s one that Russia owes not just to Ukraine but to every state in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In situations where a state is breaching international law, affected states are allowed to employ countermeasures, which means they can break some other legal obligation owed to the breaching country for the limited purpose of making that state change its behaviour.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A
A crater is seen next to houses damaged by Russian shelling in Kushuhum, Ukraine, in July 2023. (AP Photo\/Andriy Andriyenko)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

It is often referred to as a \u201cself-help\u201d remedy<\/a>, and is similar to the familiar criminal law notion of self-defence \u2014 if you are assaulting me or my property, I am permitted to fight back to defend myself. In this instance, countries holding Russian state assets are entitled to suspend their usual obligation to keep these assets immune.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Now, even if states take these assets once they\u2019re no longer immune, the countermeasures are supposed to end once the original breach has stopped.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, once the war is over, Russia will clearly have to pay legal reparations to Ukraine. The Multilateral Asset Transfer plan would see states transfer these seized Russian assets into escrow accounts until an international commission can be established to determine how much Russia will have to pay Ukraine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The assets would then be transferred to this commission for disbursal to Ukraine and any excess returned to Russia<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Several pathways<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Of course, for Canada to do this, the use of countermeasures would also have to comply with Canadian law. In a recent paper<\/a>, my co-authors Allan Rock, Fen Hampson and I argued that there are several routes available.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The federal cabinet administers Canada\u2019s international legal actions under the Crown prerogative over foreign affairs<\/a>. Cabinet can review the situation and declare that Canada is imposing countermeasures by suspending immunity over Russia\u2019s state assets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cabinet could further create an escrow account \u2014 perhaps call it a \u201cUkraine Trust Fund<\/a>\u201d \u2014 and order Canadian financial institutions to surrender Russian assets to it, making provisions for challenges by private individuals who claim their assets were mistakenly transferred.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Because of the Crown prerogative, none of this actually requires much in the way of legislation, although Canadian government culture is often allergic to doing much without it. More cautiously, the government\u2019s powers under SEMA could be amended as necessary to allow the above to take place.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The forfeiture route can be bypassed in favour of simple executive order, and countermeasures could be solidified via an amendment to SIA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Another route would be to declare Russia a terrorist state under the Justice for Victims of Terrorism Act<\/a>, which would end its immunity. But this move could cause difficulties, as recently demonstrated by Iran\u2019s initiation of a case against Canada in the International Court of Justice<\/a> for precisely this kind of measure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In any event, there is little doubt that all of this complies with Canada\u2019s Charter of Rights and Freedoms<\/a> to the highly debatable extent it can be applied to the Russian government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Regardless of the route, it is important that any Canadian effort to repurpose Russian assets is principled and lawful. In times when Russia\u2019s own conduct has imperilled international rule of law, this is the appropriate and necessary response.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert J. Currie<\/a>, Professor of Canadian & Transnational Criminal Law, Dalhousie University<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article<\/a>.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Robert Currie says regardless of the route, it is important that any Canadian effort to repurpose Russian assets is principled and lawful. In times when Russia\u2019s own conduct has imperilled international rule of law, this is the appropriate and necessary response.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9341,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"cybocfi_hide_featured_image":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[90],"tags":[430,77,448,399,368],"ppma_author":[397],"class_list":["post-9447","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-opinion","tag-anti-corruption","tag-frozen-assets","tag-repurposing-seized-assets","tag-russia","tag-ukraine","author-robert-currie"],"yoast_head":"\nHow Canada Could Use Russian State Assets to Rebuild Ukraine - World Refugee and Migration Council<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/zunokscx.elementor.cloud\/news\/opinion\/how-canada-could-use-russian-state-assets-to-rebuild-ukraine\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_MX\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How Canada Could Use Russian State Assets to Rebuild Ukraine - World Refugee and Migration Council\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Robert Currie says regardless of the route, it is important that any Canadian effort to repurpose Russian assets is principled and lawful. 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