{"id":7793,"date":"2022-02-28T00:01:00","date_gmt":"2022-02-28T05:01:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wrmcouncil.org\/?p=7793"},"modified":"2022-04-18T22:01:17","modified_gmt":"2022-04-19T02:01:17","slug":"institutional-and-political-drivers-of-migration-in-central-america","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wrmcouncil.org\/es\/publications\/report\/institutional-and-political-drivers-of-migration-in-central-america\/","title":{"rendered":"Impulsores institucionales y pol\u00edticos \nde la migraci\u00f3n centroamericana\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Informe provisional y recomendaciones: Grupo de Trabajo de Centro y Norteam\u00e9rica sobre Migraci\u00f3n<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized is-style-default border-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wrmcouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/NA-CA-Task-Force-Institutional-and-Political-Drivers_EN.pdf\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wrmcouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/TF-Institutional-Drivers_EN.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8163\" width=\"306\" height=\"396\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wrmcouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/TF-Institutional-Drivers_EN.jpg 612w, https:\/\/wrmcouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/TF-Institutional-Drivers_EN-232x300.jpg 232w, https:\/\/wrmcouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/TF-Institutional-Drivers_EN-9x12.jpg 9w, https:\/\/wrmcouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/TF-Institutional-Drivers_EN-348x450.jpg 348w, https:\/\/wrmcouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/TF-Institutional-Drivers_EN-354x458.jpg 354w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 306px) 100vw, 306px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-button gb-block-button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wrmcouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/NA-CA-Task-Force-Institutional-and-Political-Drivers_EN.pdf\" class=\"gb-button gb-button-shape-square gb-button-size-medium\" style=\"color:#ffffff;background-color:#c45911\">Descargar PDF<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Cuando se pregunta a personas migrantes de Centroam\u00e9rica por qu\u00e9 decidieron dejar sus pa\u00edses, hay una variedad de respuestas: mejores oportunidades econ\u00f3micas, reunificaci\u00f3n familiar, protecci\u00f3n contra la extorsi\u00f3n y la violencia criminal, esperanza de un futuro mejor para sus hijos. A menudo, se trata de una combinaci\u00f3n de factores que est\u00e1n asociados entre s\u00ed. Las pandillas criminales est\u00e1n vinculadas a la corrupci\u00f3n. La mala gobernanza genera o agrava la pobreza. El bajo crecimiento econ\u00f3mico est\u00e1 vinculado a las deficiencias del estado de derecho y la falta de rendici\u00f3n de cuentas. Debido a la corrupci\u00f3n y los intereses arraigados de las \u00e9lites, los ingresos fiscales son insuficientes para proporcionar servicios p\u00fablicos adecuados. Incluso los efectos de los riesgos ambientales est\u00e1n determinados por la pobreza y factores pol\u00edticos. Es dif\u00edcil separar los impulsores pol\u00edticos de la migraci\u00f3n (corrupci\u00f3n, falta de rendici\u00f3n de cuentas, violencia criminal, estado de derecho d\u00e9bil) de las presiones econ\u00f3micas y ambientales que llevan a cientos de miles de personas centroamericanas a abandonar sus hogares y emprender el generalmente peligroso viaje hacia el norte. El Cuadro 1, basado en una encuesta de 2019 de personas con intenci\u00f3n de emigrar, demuestra claramente la primac\u00eda de los impulsores econ\u00f3micos de la migraci\u00f3n, siendo la victimizaci\u00f3n por violencia la segunda raz\u00f3n m\u00e1s com\u00fan. Si bien dos tercios de los encuestados tienen un familiar que vive en el extranjero, solo el 3 por ciento en los tres pa\u00edses del norte de Centroam\u00e9rica indic\u00f3 que la reunificaci\u00f3n familiar era su principal motivaci\u00f3n para migrar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c9ste es uno de dos informes sobre c\u00f3mo atender las causas fundamentales de la migraci\u00f3n desde Centroam\u00e9rica; el otro <a href=\"https:\/\/wrmcouncil.org\/es\/publications\/report\/economic-and-environmental-drivers-of-central-american-migration\/\">informe se centra en los impulsores econ\u00f3micos y ambientales de la migraci\u00f3n.<\/a>Reconocemos que todos ellos est\u00e1n estrechamente relacionados y que intentar separarlos resulta artificial Pero tambi\u00e9n creemos que hasta que no se atiendan los impulsores pol\u00edticos, ser\u00e1 dif\u00edcil atender las causas econ\u00f3micas. El simple hecho de proporcionar m\u00e1s asistencia econ\u00f3mica no detendr\u00e1 la migraci\u00f3n. De hecho, como consideraremos en el pr\u00f3ximo informe, el desarrollo econ\u00f3mico a menudo conduce inicialmente a mayor migraci\u00f3n (De Haas 2017), la cual s\u00f3lo disminuye cuando se alcanza cierto ingreso per c\u00e1pita. Costa Rica tambi\u00e9n ofrece un contrapunto interesante. Si bien el pa\u00eds tiene problemas, tambi\u00e9n es conocido por su s\u00f3lido estado de derecho (as\u00ed como por la falta de un ej\u00e9rcito permanente) y los costarricenses no est\u00e1n organizando caravanas ni migrando hacia el norte en grandes n\u00fameros.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>No se pueden pasar por alto los delicados problemas de los impulsores pol\u00edticos de la migraci\u00f3n. Desafortunadamente, tampoco existen soluciones r\u00e1pidas. La corrupci\u00f3n y el crimen organizado han sido una presencia constante en el norte de Centroam\u00e9rica durante las \u00faltimas dos d\u00e9cadas. Como dijo Norma Torres (C\u00e1mara de Representantes de EE. UU.) en un evento del Wilson Center en 2019, \u201cWashington es el tipo de lugar que espera resultados r\u00e1pidos y deslumbrantes. Los per\u00edodos de atenci\u00f3n son muy cortos, pero el cambio que se necesita en Centroam\u00e9rica es el tipo de cambio que lleva d\u00e9cadas, si no es que generaciones, para concretarse.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Las medidas a corto plazo, como algunas de las que est\u00e1 aplicando el gobierno de Biden, parecen priorizar el control de la migraci\u00f3n sobre el apoyo a los esfuerzos para atender sus causas fundamentales, como por ejemplo las medidas anticorrupci\u00f3n (Kitroeff 2021). Esto es pol\u00edticamente conveniente, pero env\u00eda el mensaje equivocado a los gobiernos centroamericanos: si cumplen con las demandas de Estados Unidos para frenar la migraci\u00f3n, se quedar\u00e1n solos al lidiar con preocupaciones pol\u00edticas internas--incluso en aquellas que pueden conducir a m\u00e1s migraci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Como destaca este informe, el papel de la sociedad civil es crucial. Las organizaciones de la sociedad civil en Centroam\u00e9rica y M\u00e9xico son fuertes y profesionales; han hecho contribuciones impresionantes al diagn\u00f3stico de los problemas de la regi\u00f3n, a menudo con un riesgo considerable para ellos mismos. Pero para lograr un cambio duradero en las instituciones p\u00fablicas, el Estado debe hacer su parte. Creemos que el sector privado tiene un papel importante que desempe\u00f1ar. Si bien algunos intereses empresariales est\u00e1n vinculados a la corrupci\u00f3n, otros est\u00e1n invirtiendo tiempo y energ\u00eda en apoyar medidas para fortalecer el Estado de derecho, la transparencia y la rendici\u00f3n de cuentas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Si se busca atender las causas fundamentales de la migraci\u00f3n centroamericana, se deben tomar medidas en el presente que probablemente solo dar\u00e1n sus frutos en unos a\u00f1os. Si bien los problemas son dif\u00edciles de atender, creemos que un marco regional s\u00f3lido e integral, como el que se describe en nuestro informe sobre la corresponsabilidad regional [agregar hiperv\u00ednculo] proporcionar\u00e1 el espacio pol\u00edtico para atender algunos de estos problemas. En este informe, consideramos cuestiones relacionadas con el Estado de derecho y la rendici\u00f3n de cuentas, la corrupci\u00f3n y la violencia criminal, cuestiones que est\u00e1n relacionadas entre s\u00ed y que, como veremos en el pr\u00f3ximo informe, tambi\u00e9n afectan profundamente la pobreza, la desigualdad y el riesgo de desastres. Estos temas no pueden abordarse sin enfrentar problemas fundamentales de gobernabilidad en los que la corrupci\u00f3n se ha arraigado.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/wrmcouncil.org\/es\/publications\/report\/regional-cooperation-and-co-responsibility\/\">regional cooperation co-responsibility<\/a>&nbsp;will provide the political space to deal with some of these issues. In this report, we consider issues around rule of law and accountability, corruption, and criminal violence \u2014 issues which are related to each other and which, as we will see in the next report, also deeply affect poverty, inequality, and disaster risk. These issues cannot be addressed without confronting fundamental problems of governance in which corruption has become entrenched. \u201cPoor governance is what underlies violence, impunity, insecurity and lack of economic investment. And all of the region\u2019s governments either abet or embody corruption\u201d (Call 2021).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Este documento se bas\u00f3 en los documentos de referencia elaborados por Jaime Ordo\u00f1ez sobre el Estado de Derecho (<a href=\"https:\/\/zunokscx.elementor.cloud\/download\/7274\/\" target=\"_self\">La pobreza como causa esencial de la expulsi\u00f3n humana y la migraci\u00f3n (Centroam\u00e9rica 2021-2022)<\/a>), y Pamela Ruiz sobre la violencia criminal  (<a href=\"https:\/\/zunokscx.elementor.cloud\/download\/7279\/\" target=\"_self\">Criminal Governance in Northern Central America<\/a>, en ingl\u00e9s unicamente).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>El&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/wrmcouncil.org\/es\/grupo-de-trabajo-centro-norteamerica-sobre-migracion\/\">Grupo de Trabajo de Centro y Norteam\u00e9rica sobre Migraci\u00f3n<\/a>&nbsp;es un foro no gubernamental de acad\u00e9micos, l\u00edderes de la sociedad civil y del mundo empresarial, y antiguos responsables pol\u00edticos en di\u00e1logo con funcionarios gubernamentales actuales, creado para facilitar un di\u00e1logo de soluciones ampliamente impulsado entre los pa\u00edses implicados en la crisis de la migraci\u00f3n y el desplazamiento forzado en la regi\u00f3n. Iniciado por el World Refugee &amp; Migration Council (WRMC, Consejo Mundial de Refugiados y Migraci\u00f3n) con el Centro de Estudios M\u00e9xico-Estados Unidos, El Colegio de M\u00e9xico, el Migration Policy Institute (MPI) y el Di\u00e1logo Interamericano, el grupo de trabajo emitir\u00e1 recomendaciones concretas para una acci\u00f3n colectiva y regional basada en la investigaci\u00f3n de pruebas para promover el reparto de responsabilidades en toda Am\u00e9rica del Norte y Central.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>When Central American migrants are asked why they decided to leave their countries, they give a variety of responses; they\u2019re seeking better economic opportunities, family reunification, protection from extortion and criminal violence, hope for a better future for their children. Often it is a combination of factors that drive migration, and the drivers of migration are themselves linked.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7794,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"cybocfi_hide_featured_image":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[288,274,68],"tags":[259,78,369,251,198,311,370],"ppma_author":[291,221],"class_list":["post-7793","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-english","category-migration-task-force","category-report","tag-central-america","tag-corruption","tag-institutions","tag-mexico","tag-migration","tag-north-and-central-american-task-force-on-migration","tag-politics","author-north-and-central-american-task-force-on-migration","author-elizabeth-ferris"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Institutional and Political Drivers of Migration in Central America\u00a0 - World Refugee and Migration Council<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/zunokscx.elementor.cloud\/publications\/report\/institutional-and-political-drivers-of-migration-in-central-america\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_MX\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Institutional and Political Drivers of Migration in Central America\u00a0 - World Refugee and Migration Council\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"When Central American migrants are asked why they decided to leave their countries, they give a variety of responses; they\u2019re seeking better economic opportunities, family reunification, protection from extortion and criminal violence, hope for a better future for their children. Often it is a combination of factors that drive migration, and the drivers of migration are themselves linked.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/zunokscx.elementor.cloud\/publications\/report\/institutional-and-political-drivers-of-migration-in-central-america\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"World Refugee and Migration Council\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/facebook.com\/wrmcouncil\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-02-28T05:01:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-04-19T02:01:17+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/zunokscx.elementor.cloud\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/corrupcion-migracion-shutterstock_1986173018-web.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2000\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1333\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"North and Central American Task Force on Migration, Elizabeth Ferris\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@wrmcouncil\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@wrmcouncil\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Escrito por\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Tiempo de lectura\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutos\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/zunokscx.elementor.cloud\\\/publications\\\/report\\\/institutional-and-political-drivers-of-migration-in-central-america\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/zunokscx.elementor.cloud\\\/publications\\\/report\\\/institutional-and-political-drivers-of-migration-in-central-america\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"admin\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/zunokscx.elementor.cloud\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/081635a15d72390136af5e50372b3818\"},\"headline\":\"Institutional and Political Drivers of Migration in Central America\u00a0\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-02-28T05:01:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-04-19T02:01:17+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/zunokscx.elementor.cloud\\\/publications\\\/report\\\/institutional-and-political-drivers-of-migration-in-central-america\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":961,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/zunokscx.elementor.cloud\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/zunokscx.elementor.cloud\\\/publications\\\/report\\\/institutional-and-political-drivers-of-migration-in-central-america\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wrmcouncil.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/03\\\/corrupcion-migracion-shutterstock_1986173018-web.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Central America\",\"Corruption\",\"Institutions\",\"Mexico\",\"Migration\",\"North and Central American Task Force on Migration\",\"Politics\"],\"articleSection\":[\"English\",\"Migration Task Force\",\"Report\"],\"inLanguage\":\"es\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/zunokscx.elementor.cloud\\\/publications\\\/report\\\/institutional-and-political-drivers-of-migration-in-central-america\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/zunokscx.elementor.cloud\\\/publications\\\/report\\\/institutional-and-political-drivers-of-migration-in-central-america\\\/\",\"name\":\"Institutional and Political Drivers of Migration in Central America\u00a0 - 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