{"id":7020,"date":"2021-11-30T01:51:00","date_gmt":"2021-11-30T06:51:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wrmcouncil.org\/?p=7020"},"modified":"2022-04-18T22:17:23","modified_gmt":"2022-04-19T02:17:23","slug":"reducing-irregular-migration-from-central-american-through-alternative-regular-migration-pathways","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wrmcouncil.org\/es\/publications\/report\/reducing-irregular-migration-from-central-american-through-alternative-regular-migration-pathways\/","title":{"rendered":"Reducir la migraci\u00f3n irregular desde Centroam\u00e9rica con v\u00edas alternativas de migraci\u00f3n regular"},"content":{"rendered":"<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Informe provisional y recomendaciones: Grupo de Trabajo de Centro y Norteam\u00e9rica sobre Migraci\u00f3n<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized is-style-default border-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wrmcouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/NA-CA-Task-Force-Alternative-Pathways_EN.pdf\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wrmcouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/TF-Pathways_EN.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8167\" width=\"306\" height=\"396\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wrmcouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/TF-Pathways_EN.jpg 612w, https:\/\/wrmcouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/TF-Pathways_EN-232x300.jpg 232w, https:\/\/wrmcouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/TF-Pathways_EN-9x12.jpg 9w, https:\/\/wrmcouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/TF-Pathways_EN-348x450.jpg 348w, https:\/\/wrmcouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/TF-Pathways_EN-354x458.jpg 354w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 306px) 100vw, 306px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-button gb-block-button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wrmcouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/NA-CA-Task-Force-Alternative-Pathways_EN.pdf\" class=\"gb-button gb-button-shape-square gb-button-size-medium\" style=\"color:#ffffff;background-color:#c45911\">Descargar PDF<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">La creaci\u00f3n de v\u00edas alternativas de migraci\u00f3n regular<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Mientras que los informes anteriores del Grupo de Trabajo se han centrado en discutir los factores que impulsan la migraci\u00f3n centroamericana -corrupci\u00f3n, debilidad del Estado de Derecho, violencia, pobreza, desigualdad, riesgos medioambientales-, este informe considera las v\u00edas alternativas para la migraci\u00f3n desde el norte de Centroam\u00e9rica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La respuesta breve a la pregunta de por qu\u00e9 tantas personas centroamericanas emprenden peligrosos viajes migratorios irregulares es asombrosamente sencilla: porque pr\u00e1cticamente no hay forma de que puedan desplazarse haciendo uso de canales regulares, legales y seguros. Esto es cierto para quienes buscan mejores oportunidades econ\u00f3micas, para quienes huyen de la persecuci\u00f3n y la violencia, y para quienes abandonan sus pa\u00edses por una combinaci\u00f3n de riesgos econ\u00f3micos, pol\u00edticos y medioambientales. \nEste tema no es nuevo. Investigadores y activistas de Centro y Norteam\u00e9rica han abogado, desde hace d\u00e9cadas, por el desarrollo de v\u00edas alternativas a la migraci\u00f3n irregular (por ejemplo, Selee et al 2021; Newland y Riester 2018; Hooper 2019). Sin embargo, dada la gran politizaci\u00f3n de las respuestas a los desarrollos recientes en Centroam\u00e9rica, tomar acci\u00f3n en esta materia es hoy m\u00e1s urgente que nunca. Sin v\u00edas alternativas para la migraci\u00f3n, los esfuerzos para proteger a las personas centroamericanas y gestionar las fronteras no tendr\u00e1n \u00e9xito. El desarrollo de v\u00edas migratorias seguras y legales eliminar\u00eda algunas de las consecuencias negativas de la migraci\u00f3n irregular: la extorsi\u00f3n de migrantes por parte de contrabandistas sin escr\u00fapulos, el sufrimiento de las familias separadas y las violaciones de los derechos humanos en general.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La mayor\u00eda de los programas existentes para la migraci\u00f3n laboral temporal se desarrollaron hace varias d\u00e9cadas en un contexto muy diferente y no toman en cuenta las condiciones actuales de Centroam\u00e9rica. En particular, las tendencias demogr\u00e1ficas tanto en Norte como en Centroam\u00e9rica se mueven en direcciones diferentes. Se espera que en Estados Unidos el n\u00famero de personas mayores de 65 a\u00f1os se duplique en los pr\u00f3ximos veinte a\u00f1os, al tiempo que el n\u00famero de mayores de 85 a\u00f1os se cuadruplicar\u00e1. Mientras tanto, el n\u00famero de personas trabajadoras que compartir\u00e1n el coste de la seguridad social caer\u00e1 en picada (Urban Institute 2021). El crecimiento de la poblaci\u00f3n en Canad\u00e1 se debe principalmente a la inmigraci\u00f3n; de hecho, mientras que una de cada cinco personas en Canad\u00e1 es inmigrante, la cifra correspondiente en Estados Unidos es de una de cada ocho (INED 2021). Y, como resum\u00eda un reciente art\u00edculo de The Economist, \"M\u00e9xico est\u00e1 envejeciendo r\u00e1pidamente\", con una tasa de natalidad en descenso, una esperanza de vida en aumento y bajas tasas de inmigraci\u00f3n. La proporci\u00f3n de la poblaci\u00f3n mexicana menor de 20 a\u00f1os alcanz\u00f3 su punto m\u00e1ximo en 2010 (Economist 2021). Al mismo tiempo, en Centroam\u00e9rica, la poblaci\u00f3n de j\u00f3venes, de entre 15 y 29 a\u00f1os, ha aumentado 51 por ciento desde el a\u00f1o 2000, en comparaci\u00f3n con un incremento de 16 por ciento en Estados Unidos. En la actualidad, 30 por ciento de la poblaci\u00f3n de Guatemala y Honduras y 28 por ciento de la de El Salvador tiene entre 15 y 29 a\u00f1os; casi un tercio de los j\u00f3venes de estos tres pa\u00edses no tienen empleo, ni asisten a la escuela o a programas de formaci\u00f3n (Spanos et al. 2021). En un momento en el que Canad\u00e1 y Estados Unidos necesitan trabajadores j\u00f3venes, Centroam\u00e9rica tiene muchos m\u00e1s j\u00f3venes que puestos de trabajo. Sin embargo, los programas bilaterales de migraci\u00f3n laboral existentes, por haberse desarrollado cuando las condiciones eran muy diferentes, no toman en cuenta, ni aprovechan esta complementariedad.&nbsp;<em>Economist<\/em>&nbsp;article summarized, \u201cMexico is aging fast,\u201d with a falling birth rate, increasing life expectancy and low rates of immigration.&nbsp;&nbsp;The proportion of Mexico\u2019s population under 20 years peaked in 2010 (Economist 2021).&nbsp;&nbsp;At the same time in Central America, the population of young people, aged 15-29 has surged 51 percent since 2000 compared to an increase of 16 percent in the US.&nbsp;&nbsp;Presently 30 percent of the population in Guatemala and Honduras and 28 percent in El Salvador are between 15 and 29; almost a third of young people in these three countries are not employed or in school or training programs (Spanos et al 2021). At a time when Canada and the US need young workers, Central Ameica has many more young people than jobs. Yet existing bilateral labor migration programs were developed when conditions were very different.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Si los sistemas regionales de migraci\u00f3n laboral son anticuados, el sistema de protecci\u00f3n de las personas refugiadas de Centroam\u00e9rica tampoco funciona: las personas refugiadas no est\u00e1n protegidas en sus pa\u00edses de origen, en su tr\u00e1nsito por M\u00e9xico, ni en la frontera entre Estados Unidos y M\u00e9xico. Muchas, quiz\u00e1 la mayor\u00eda, de las personas centroamericanas que cruzaron la frontera con EE.UU. en 2021 no cumplen los estrictos criterios para ser reconocidas como refugiadas de acuerdo a la legislaci\u00f3n estadounidense e internacional (aunque muchas, quiz\u00e1 la mayor\u00eda, cumplir\u00edan los criterios de la Declaraci\u00f3n de Cartagena de 1984) (UNHCR 1984). Sin embargo, no hay otra forma de que entren a EE.UU., por lo que recurren al desbordado sistema de asilo y a menudo son penalizadas por su entrada irregular. Los redactores de la Convenci\u00f3n sobre el Estatuto de los Refugiados de 1951 reconocieron que las personas que huyen de la persecuci\u00f3n pueden no tener m\u00e1s remedio que utilizar medios irregulares para entrar a otro pa\u00eds y pedir protecci\u00f3n. La entrada irregular no deber\u00eda ser un factor en su contra \u2014 despu\u00e9s de todo, pedir asilo es un derecho humano b\u00e1sico.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As Michael Clemens points out,&nbsp;from January through July 2021,&nbsp;478,000 citizens of Northern Central America were apprehended at the US border. In that same seven months,&nbsp;Northern Central American citizens were given just 8,641 work visas and 1,520 grants of asylum by the United States. This meant that only one in 50 people apprehended at the border had any lawful channel for entering the US.&nbsp;For the other 49, there were no visas; there were no grants of asylum.&nbsp;&nbsp;They had only two alternatives: to migrate unlawfully, or simply to endure the conditions that drove them to this desperate and dangerous act.&nbsp;&nbsp;Even including other countries in the region would not much alter this picture. The total lawful channels for Northern Central America citizens to Canada, Mexico,&nbsp;<em>or&nbsp;<\/em>the United States amounted to about 3.5 for every 50 people apprehended at the US border.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Al examinar las posibilidades de v\u00edas alternativas de migraci\u00f3n regular, hemos seguido las convenciones y separado las posibilidades para la migraci\u00f3n laboral y para la protecci\u00f3n. No obstante, las dos v\u00edas est\u00e1n conectadas de varias maneras. En primer lugar, las motivaciones para la emigrar suelen ser variadas: a menudo las personas se desplazan porque no pueden sobrevivir en su pa\u00eds; no encuentran trabajo, las redes de seguridad social son inexistentes, sufren extorsi\u00f3n de grupos criminales, la sequ\u00eda ha destruido sus cosechas o los huracanes han diezmado sus hogares. Como encontraron Abuelafia et al. (2018), 40 por ciento de los migrantes del norte de Centroam\u00e9rica citan el miedo a la muerte por la violencia generalizada en la regi\u00f3n como la raz\u00f3n de su migraci\u00f3n y 40 por ciento afirma que las oportunidades econ\u00f3micas en su pa\u00eds de origen no permiten el sustento b\u00e1sico de sus familias. La privaci\u00f3n econ\u00f3mica y el miedo a la muerte no son motores separados de la migraci\u00f3n: la privaci\u00f3n exacerba el efecto de la violencia, y viceversa (Clemens 2021a; Bermeo y Leblang 2021; Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez et al. 2021). Pero la falta de v\u00edas de migraci\u00f3n legal hace que la gente pida asilo porque no hay otra posibilidad de entrar a EE.UU. Es probable que el desarrollo de m\u00e1s v\u00edas de migraci\u00f3n legal reduzca la presi\u00f3n sobre el sistema de asilo. Si hubiera v\u00edas seguras y regulares para entrar a EE.UU., habr\u00eda menos migraci\u00f3n irregular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Puede parecer una locura hablar de ampliar las v\u00edas regulares de migraci\u00f3n en un momento en el que la presi\u00f3n para cerrar las fronteras en la regi\u00f3n es cada vez mayor. Pero por varias razones, \u00e9ste es un momento oportuno para impulsar la idea. En primer lugar, es evidente que la securitizaci\u00f3n de la frontera, el Protocolo de Protecci\u00f3n de la Migraci\u00f3n y otras medidas restrictivas no est\u00e1n funcionando. En segundo lugar, la falta de trabajadores en EE.UU. en este momento concreto favorecer\u00eda la b\u00fasqueda de formas de aumentar la migraci\u00f3n laboral, algo que tambi\u00e9n ha sido fundamental en la pol\u00edtica de inmigraci\u00f3n de Canad\u00e1 en los \u00faltimos a\u00f1os. En tercer lugar, las presiones para responder a la situaci\u00f3n de las personas refugiadas afganas en EE.UU. y Canad\u00e1 est\u00e1n dando lugar a debates sobre nuevas v\u00edas de protecci\u00f3n, tales como el patrocinio privado de las personas refugiadas y la tramitaci\u00f3n de las solicitudes de asilo en el pa\u00eds de origen, lo que hace que las condiciones sean favorables para considerar ideas nuevas y audaces para responder a la migraci\u00f3n procedente de Centroam\u00e9rica. En cuarto lugar, parece el momento adecuado para reforzar los enfoques regionales frente a la migraci\u00f3n en Centroam\u00e9rica. Canad\u00e1 preside actualmente la Plataforma de Apoyo al MIRPS (Marco Integral de Protecci\u00f3n y Soluciones Regionales para Abordar el Desplazamiento Forzado en Centroam\u00e9rica) y ser\u00e1 sucedido por EE.UU. en esa funci\u00f3n. Se trata de una oportunidad para el liderazgo regional en un importante mecanismo ya existente. Al asumir la presidencia del Consejo de Seguridad de la ONU, el presidente de M\u00e9xico, Andr\u00e9s Manuel L\u00f3pez Obrador, pidi\u00f3 un nuevo fondo mundial para atender la pobreza, lo que quiz\u00e1 indica un mayor compromiso con los enfoques multilaterales para abordar las causas fundamentales de la migraci\u00f3n. Tambi\u00e9n ha llegado el momento de considerar -como lo expuso el Grupo de Trabajo en su informe sobre la corresponsabilidad regional- un nuevo mecanismo regional basado en el modelo del Consejo \u00c1rtico en el que se acuerden y apliquen estrategias regionales para responder a los retos planteados por la migraci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Los documentos de referencia elaborados por Michael Clemens<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/wrmcouncil.org\/es\/publications\/research-paper\/pathways-for-labor-migration-from-northern-central-america-five-difficult-but-necessary-proposals\/\">Pathways for Labor Migration from Northern Central America: Five Difficult but Necessary Proposals<\/a><em>) and Jennifer Bond (<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/wrmcouncil.org\/es\/publications\/research-paper\/alternative-protection-pathways-in-the-americas\/\">Alternative Protection Pathways in the Americas<\/a><em>). El informe tambi\u00e9n ha beneficiado de una presentaci\u00f3n de Jayne Fleming sobre el trabajo de Lamp Lifeboat Ladder.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>El&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/wrmcouncil.org\/es\/grupo-de-trabajo-centro-norteamerica-sobre-migracion\/\"><strong>Grupo de Trabajo de Centro y Norteam\u00e9rica sobre Migraci\u00f3n<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;es un foro no gubernamental de acad\u00e9micos, l\u00edderes de la sociedad civil y del mundo empresarial, y antiguos responsables pol\u00edticos en di\u00e1logo con funcionarios gubernamentales actuales, creado para facilitar un di\u00e1logo de soluciones ampliamente impulsado entre los pa\u00edses implicados en la crisis de la migraci\u00f3n y el desplazamiento forzado en la regi\u00f3n. Iniciado por el World Refugee &amp; Migration Council (WRMC, Consejo Mundial de Refugiados y Migraci\u00f3n) con el Centro de Estudios M\u00e9xico-Estados Unidos, El Colegio de M\u00e9xico, el Migration Policy Institute (MPI) y el Di\u00e1logo Interamericano, el grupo de trabajo emitir\u00e1 recomendaciones concretas para una acci\u00f3n colectiva y regional basada en la investigaci\u00f3n de pruebas para promover el reparto de responsabilidades en toda Am\u00e9rica del Norte y Central.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The short answer to the question of why so many Central Americans are setting off on dangerous irregular migration journeys is stunningly simple:  because there is virtually no way that they can move through regular, legal, safe channels. <\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6941,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"cybocfi_hide_featured_image":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[288,274,68],"tags":[328,259,251,198,311],"ppma_author":[291,221],"class_list":["post-7020","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-english","category-migration-task-force","category-report","tag-alternative-migration-pathways","tag-central-america","tag-mexico","tag-migration","tag-north-and-central-american-task-force-on-migration","author-north-and-central-american-task-force-on-migration","author-elizabeth-ferris"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Reducing Irregular Migration from Central America Through Alternative Regular Migration Pathways - World Refugee and Migration 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